高考动词时态和语态命题规律的探讨和应试技巧 谢建军
动词的时态和语态是高考单选试题中的重点和难点,每年都有2-3个小题,动词时态和语态试题完成的好坏,决定着单选试题的成败,而且,动词时态和语态知识掌握的如何也影响着完形填空、阅读理解和书面表达的成绩。因此,把握动词时态和语态的命题规律及应试技巧就显得十分必要。
高考常考的八种时态
是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时。在这八种时态中应注意: 1、最易混淆的三组时态。 (1)、一般过去时和现在完成时。区分这两种时态要重点把握:这两种时态的动词动作都发生在过去,但他们所表达的语义侧重点不同。一般过去时强调动作发生在过去,与现在无关,只是说明在过去某时发生过某事,一般带有一个明确的过去时间或语境。而现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响,说的是现在的情况,一般带有一个表示现在的时间或语境。例如:
____Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya? ____Who____it?(2008北京,22) A.writes B.has written C.wrote D.had written 本题答案C。试题中给出的明确过
去语境决定了用一般过去时态。 Danny_____hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.(2007福建,30) A.works B.is working C.has worked D.worked
本题答案C。虽然work动作在过去某时发生,但一直持续到现在,说的是现在的情况,而且由for long的暗示,所以用现在完成时。 (2)、一般过去时和过去完成时 这两种时态建立的时间参照点不同,一般过去时态是相对现在而言,是站在现在谈过去。而过去完成时则是对过去某时而言,即站在过去谈过去,也就是“过去的过去”。例如: He_____football regularly for many years when he was yong (2008天津,14) A.was playing B.played C.has played D.had played. 本题答案B. when he was yong暗示出要用一般过去时。 The hotel wasn’t particularly good,but I______in many worse hotels.(2008北京,27) A.was staying B.stayed C.would stay D.had stayed 本题答案D.强调在The
hotel wasn’t (过去)particularly good之前,发生的事情,即“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。 (3)、过去完成时和现在完成时 这两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用
,外在形式很相似。但现在完成时表示的是从过去某时延续到现在或与现在有关的动作,句中不可有表示过去的时间状语。而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前完成或延续到过去某时的动作。例如: So far this year we _____a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.(2008福建 ,25) A.saw B.see C.had seen D.have seen 本题答案D。由时间
状语So far this year决定了用现在完成时。 I_____there a little more than a week when I set to work with the scientists.(2007陕西,19) A.would be B.have been
C.had been D.will be 本题答案C。表示在I set to work之前发生的动作,故用过去完成时。 2、最易考察的三种时态形式 纵观近几年的高考试题,就会发现最易考察的三种时态形式是一般体,进行体和完成体。动词时态和语态试题的设问都在一定语境中,未来的考察会更充分体现“情景立意”的原则。对近几年全国卷和各省试卷高考动词时态和语态试题的分析和研究,一般体、进行体和完成体出现频率最高,事实上这三种形式也是时态和语态的重点和难点。在考察时态的同时,附带语态的考察。例如: If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.But it_____all day.(全国2008,11) A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining 本题答案A。考察了一般体的使用。 _____Have you handed in
your homework yet? _____Yes,I have.Iguess it _____now.(2007辽宁,22) A.has graded B.is graded C.is being graded D.is grading 本题答案C。考察了进行体,而且
附带了被动语态。 I like these English songs and they_____many times on the radio.(2008安徽,33) A.taught B.have taught C.are taught D.have been taught 本题答案D。考察了完成体并附带考察了被动语态。 3、动词时态和语态试题的解题思路 (1)、定“时”。即确定试题动作发生在什么时间。要仔细寻找试题中所给出的时间状语或句中其他动词的时态形式,从而进一步确定试题中的动词处于那种时态范围:是现在、过去还是将来。 (2)、定“体”。即确定试题中的动作处于什么状态。认真分析动作是否完成,是否进行,还是表示一般情况或存在状态。进而确定用完成时态、进行时态还是一般时态。 (3)、定“语态”。即确定试题中的动词与其主语之间的关系,是主动还是被动,进而确定用主动
语态还是用被动语态。例如: When you get the paper back,pay attention to what______.(2007四川,23) A.have marked B.have been marked C.had marked D.had been marked 本题答案B。由句中动词get的时态形式,定“时”为现在时。由试题的情景,定“体”为完成体,由what与mark的关系,定“语态”为被动语态。故选B. With the help of high technology,more and more substances____in the past years.(2007上海,30) A.discovered B.have discovered C.had discovered D.have been discovered 本题答案D
。由in the past years定“时”为现在时,定“体”为完成体,由substances与discover的关系,定“语态”为被动语态,故选D。 高考真题练习。 1.No decision_____about my
future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. A.will be made B.is made C.is being made D.has been made 2.Would you please keep silent?The weather
report______and I want to listen. A.is broadcast B.is being broadcast C.has been broadcast D.had been broadcast 3.The moment I got home,I found I______my jacket on the
playground. A.had left B.left C.have left D.was leaving 4.-----I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. ------I think so.He______for it for
months A.is preparing B.was preparing C.had been preparing D.has been preparing 5.The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold frost______to arrive. A.is
expected B.is expecting C.expects D.will be expected 6.Although the causes of cancer_______,we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. A.are being uncovered
B.have been uncovering C.are uncovering D.have uncovered 7.Five of the 12 bronze animal heads______to China,with seven other ones still missing. A.returned B.had
returned C.have been returned D.have returned 8.------This cloth______well and _______long. -------Ok,I’ll take it . A.washes;lasts B.is washed;lasted C.washes;is
lasted D.is washing;lasting. 9.------This returned Chinese scholar has become one of the top experts in the field. -------Yes,I know him very well.He______in Africa
with wild animals for eight years. A.has worked B.had worked C.worked D.has been working . 10.Catherine has gone home,but we’re wondering why she_____in such a hurry.
A.left B.has left C.had left D.was leaving . 答案:1—5A B A D A 6—10A C A C A.